In our previous post we introduced the reality of radio frequency interference (RFI) which can affect hams on occasion.

A potential remedy for RFI (in addition to shielding, as mentioned there) is some form of RF filtering.  Filters are used to either reject (attenuate) or accept (pass) signals over a range of frequencies. A couple of license exam questions down below exemplify this topic.

Filters are a fundamental concept in electronics but details can get complicated so we will share only basic info and give several references for your own research.

Before reading further the reader is strongly advised to review an excellent article, Introduction to Filters, from All About Circuits.  Credit to that site for the filter diagram below.

Filters can be categorized into four essential types:

• Low-Pass: Passes frequencies below cutoff and attenuates higher frequencies
• High-Pass: Passes frequencies above cutoff and attenuates lower frequencies
• Band-Pass: Passes frequencies only within a specific range, attenuates others
• Band-Stop/Band-Reject (Notch): Attenuates frequencies within a specific range, passes others

This diagram compares and clearly illustrates how these four operate:

Regardless of design and type, all filters will introduce some loss of the passed signal (insertion loss).  Good filter designs will minimize loss and allow the protected device to function properly.

In audio equipment the tone controls are typically high-pass and low-pass filters with adjustable cutoff for treble and bass .  More sophisticated tone controls may add a mid-range adjustment while a graphic equalizer adds filters for multiple narrow frequency ranges.

Many RFI filters are low-pass because hams may need to remove transmitted HF or VHF/UHF signals from low frequency (50/60Hz) AC power lines, audio (25Hz-25kHz) signals, VGA video (31kHz) signals, or lower-frequency (AM) radio.

Filters can be made using active circuits and/or software but more commonly, RF filtering is accomplished with simple passive electronic components: capacitors (C), inductors (L), and resistors (R).  Simple LC, RC, RL, or RLC filters can be made from combinations of these parts. The simplest low-pass filter is a capacitor across (shunt) a signal, an inductor in line (block), or both.

Besides electronic components, something completely different and maybe unexpected can also form of passive low-pass filter.  Ever wonder what that bulge is near the end of many audio, video, and computer cables?

Specifically, it’s a ferrite bead or choke.  If you cut one open, under that plastic cover you would find that the cable passes through a gray tube.

That tube is made of  ferrite material, a ceramic with high iron content and high permeability.  While more complex than this, an easy way to visualize how ferrite beads work is to say that the higher frequency signals passing through them are coupled into the material which becomes resistive over the intended frequency range and dissipates the unwanted energy as heat, while passing through the lower frequencies with minimal attenuation.

Seems a bit mysterious and magical, but it’s science.  Different ferrite compositions have varying frequency, power handling, and temperature characteristics so selection is critical.

Ferrite beads (chokes) are typically simple and inexpensive interference filters to install Continue reading →